Binary and ternary structures in the evolutions inthe Universe (2×3×2×2×···-world). From space-time tomolecular biology
Keywords:
binary physical structure, ternary physical structure, polymer, evolution, universe, binary extension, ternary extension, noncommutative Galois extensionAbstract
First we give a definition of evolution. Introducing the concepts of binary and ternary extensions we describe the hierarchy structure (BTBB-structure) and the complexity systems of the evolution of the universe in a unified manner. Our main results are given and the evolutional tree is constructed in Paragraph 3. Finally we discuss basic problems concerning the evolutions.
References
R. Badii, and A. Politi, Complexity (Hierarchical structures and scaling in physics), Cambridge University Press 1997.
J. Barrow, Theories of everything, Oxford University Press 1991.
H. Bergson, Levolution creatrice, Presses Universitaires de France, 1907.
S. B. Carroll, J. K. Grenier, S. D. Weatherbee, From DNA to diversity (Molecular genetics and the evolution of animal design), Blackwell Publishing 2001.
N. Chomsky, Reflections on Language, J. L. Schatz, Trustee of Chomsky Childrens Trust 2, 1975.
C. R. Darwin, The origin of species, 6th Ed., The worlds classics, London, Oxford vUniversity Press 1872.
W. Feller, An introduction to probability theory and its applications (Vol. 1) Springer Verlag, New York, Inc. (1988), John Wiley and Sons 1957.
P. G. de Gennes, Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics, Cornel University Press v1979.
H. F. Gilbert, Basic Concepts in Biochemistry (A Student Survival Guide), McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1992.
S. W. Hawking, A brief history of time (From The Big Bang to Black Holes), Bantam Press, London 1988.
N. Iwabe et al., Evolutional relationship of archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes interred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989), 9355–9359.
S. Kaufman, Investigations, Oxford University Press, 2000.
M. Kimura, The neutral theory of molecular evolution, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
R. Moll, M. Arbib and A. Kfoury, An introduction to formal language theory, Springer Verlag, New York, Inc. 1988.
R. Nevannlinna, Analytic functions, Springer Verlarg 1985.
S. Ohno, Evolution by gene duplication, Springer Verlag, New York Inc., 1970.
L. E. Orgel, Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of RNA world, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol.Biol. 39 (2004), 99–123.
R. Penrose, Causality, Quantum theory and The universe in On space and time, Cambridge University Press 2008.
D. H. Perkin, Introduction to High Energy Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Particle Data Group, Review of Particle Physics, in: Phys. Letter B 667 (2008), 1–6.
I. Prigogine, From being to becoming, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 1984.
J. Silk , A short history of the universe, Scientific American Library (Book 53), W. H. Freeman; Reprint edition 1997.
L. Smolin, The life of the cosmos Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, New York 1997.
C. Tsallis, Introduction to nonextensive statistical mechanics (Approaching a complex world), Springer Verlag, New York, Inc. 2009.
H. Umezawa, Advanced field theory (Micro, Macro and Thermal Physics), American Institute of Physics 1993.
C. R.Woese, O. Kandler, and M.L. Wheelis, Towards a natural system of organisms, Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990) 4576–4579.
B. L. van der Waerden , Moderne algebra 2, Berlin Verlag von Julius Springer 1937.
