Peryglacjalne struktury mrozowe i związane z nimi zjawiska na obszarze Stanów Zjednoczonych
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26485/BP/1962/11/35Słowa kluczowe:
krioturbacje, wskaźniki zmarzliny, zagłębienia niwalne, wały lodowcoweAbstrakt
Na obszarach położonych wewnątrz i poza granicą lądolodu kontynentalnego w Stanach Zjednoczonych stwierdzono występowanie następujących typów formacji peryglacjalnych: ustabilizowane piargi, bloki ślizgowe i skupiska bloków na niskich i umiarkowanych zboczach, obecnie nieruchome, pola głazów lub strumienie blokowe w dnach dolin; poprzeczne ławice głazów w dnach dolin; „miasta skalne” na krawędziach wyżyn; inwolucje lub „krioturbacje”; pseudomorfozy klinów lodowych; i inne. Wyraźne wskaźniki zmarzliny są nieliczne i występują w dużych odległościach od siebie, a występują jedynie w obrębie i bardzo blisko granicy lądolodu. Na obszarach górskich związanych z górskim zlodowaceniem powszechne są różne rodzaje ukształtowania terenu, głównie reliktowe; inne formacje obejmują zagłębienia niwalne, ciągi głazów, strumienie skalne i płaty rumowiska skalnego. Wzdłuż zboczy, u szczytów dolin polodowcowych, powszechne są piargi, wały lodowcowe i lodowce skalne, a w wielu miejscach występują relikty pochodzące z chłodniejszych okresów plejstocenu. Dane dotyczące zjawisk peryglacjalnych są bardzo niekompletne i wiele badań wciąż wymaga kontynuowania.
Bibliografia
Antevs, E., 1932 - Alpine zone of Mt. Washington Range. Privately printed, Auburn, Maine; 118 pp.
Benninghoff, W. S., 1952 - Interaction of vegetation and soil frost phenomena. Arctic, vol. 5; p. 34-44.
Birman, J. H., 1952 - Pleistocene clastic dikes in weathered granite-gneiss, Rhode Island. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 250; p. 721-734.
Black, R. F. & Barksdale, W. L., 1949 - Oriented lakes of northern Alaska. Jour. Geol., vol. 57; p. 105-118.
Blackwelder, E., 1935 - Talus slopes in the Basin Range province. Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer. for 1934; p. 317.
Bryan, K., 1928 - Glacial climate in non-glaciated regions. Amer. Jour. Sci., 5th ser., vol. 16; p. 162-164.
Bryan, K., 1932 - New criteria applied to the glacial geology of southeastern Massachusetts. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 43; p. 176.
Bryan, K., 1934 - Geomorphic processes at high altitudes. Geogr. Rev., vol. 24; p. 655-656.
Bryan, K., 1940 - Soils and periglacial phenomena in the Carolinas. Science, vol. 91; p. 523-524.
Bryan, K., 1946 - Cryopedology the study of frozen ground and intensive frost-action with suggestions on nomenclature. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 244; p. 622-642.
Bryan, K., 1948 - The study of permanently frozen ground and intensive frost-action. Milit. Eng., vol. 40; p. 305-308.
Bryan, K. & Ray, L. L., 1940 - Geologic antiquity of the Lindenmeier site in Colorado. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 99; p. 26.
Butler, A. P. & Ray, L. L., 1946 - Modern polygonboden formation in Maine. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 57; p. 1183-1184.
Capps, S. R., 1919 - The Kantishna region, Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 687; p. 66-70.
Chamberlin, T. C., 1897 - Editorial footnote. Jour. Geol., vol. 5; p. 826.
Cook, F. A., 1959 - A review of the study of periglacial phenomena in Canada. Geogr. Bull. (Canada, Dept. of Mines & Tech. Surv., Geogr. Br.), no. 13; p. 22-53.
Denny, C. S., 1936 - Periglacial phenomena in southern Connecticut. Amer. Jour. Sci., 5th ser., vol. 32; p. 322-342.
Denny, C. S., 1938 - Glacial geology of the Black Rock Forest. Black Rock Forest Bull. (Cornwall on the Hudson, N. Y.), no. 8; 70 pp.
Denny, C. S., 1940 - Stone-rings on New Hampshire mountains. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 238; p. 432-438.
Denny, C. S., 1951 - Pleistocene frost action near the border of the Wisconsin drift in Pennsylvania. Ohio Jour. Sci., vol. 51; p. 116-125.
Denny, C. S., 1956 - Surficial geology and geomorphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 288; p. 30-42.
Denny, C. S., 1958 - Surficial geology of the Canaan area, New Hampshire. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1061-C; p. 92-95.
Dillon, L. S., 1956 - Wisconsin climate and life zones in North America. Science, vol. 123; p. 167-176.
Drury, W. H., Jr., 1956 - Bog flats and physiographic processes in the upper Kuskokwim River region, Alaska. Contrib. Gray Herbarium, Harvard Univ., no 178; 130 pp.
Eakin, H. M., 1916 - The Yukon-Koyukuk region, Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 631; p. 78-82.
Eakin, H. M., 1932 - Periglacial phenomena in the Puget Sound region. Science, vol. 75; p. 536.
Eargle, D. H., 1940 - The relations of soils and surface in the South Carolina Piedmont. Science, vol. 91; p. 337-338.
Eschman, D. F., 1955 - Glaciation of the Michigan River basin, North Park, Colorado. Jour. Geol., vol. 63; p. 197-213.
Flint, R. F., 1955 - Pleistocene geology of eastern South Dakota. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 262; p. 130.
Flint, R. F. et al., 1949 - Pleistocene Research. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 60; p. 1305-1525.
Frye, J. C. & Willman, H. B., 1958 - Permafrost features near the Wisconsin glacial margin in Illinois. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 256; p. 518-524.
Gamble, E. E., 1958 - Descriptions and interpretations of some Pleistocene sections in Wayne County, Indiana. Earlham College Sci. Bull. (Richmond, Ind.), no. 3; 41 pp.
Goldthwait, R. P., 1940 - Geology of the Presidential Range. N. H. Acad. Sci. Bull., no 1; 43 pp.
Goldthwait, R. P., 1959 - Scenes in Ohio during the last Ice Age. Ohio Jour. Sci., vol. 59; p. 193-216.
Goodlett, J. C., 1954 - Vegetation adjacent to the border of the Wisconsin drift in Potter County, Pennsylvania. Harvard Forest Bull., no 25; 93 pp.
Holmes, G. W. & Moss, J. H., 1955 – Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 66; p. 629-654.
Hopkins, D. M., 1949 - Thaw lakes and thaw sinks in the Imuruk Lake area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Jour. Geol., vol. 57; p. 119-131.
Hopkins, D. M. & Sigafoos, R. S., 1951 - Frost action and vegetation patterns on Seward Peninsula, Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 974-C; p. 51-100.
Hopkins, D. M. & Sigafoos, R. S., 1954 - Role of frost thrusting in the formation of tussocks. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 252; p. 55-59.
Hopkins, D. M. et al., 1955 - Permafrost and ground water in Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 264-F; p. 113-146.
Horberg, L., 1949 - A possible fossil ice wedge in Bureau County, Illinois. Jour. Geol., vol. 57; p. 132-136.
Horberg, L., 1951 - Intersecting minor ridges and periglacial features in the Lake Agassiz basin, North Dakota. Jour. Geol., vol. 59; p. 1-18.
Horr, W. H., 1955 - A pollen profile study of the Muscotah Marsh. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull., vol. 37; p. 143-149.
Howe, E., 1909 - Landslides in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 67; 58 pp.
Kaatz, M. R., 1959 - Patterned ground in central Washington, a preliminary report. Northwest Sci., vol. 23; p. 145-156.
Kerr, W. C., 1881 - On the action of frost in the arrangement of superficial earthy material. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 21; p. 345-358.
King, P. B. & Stupka, A., 1950 - The Great Smoky Mountains, their geology and natural history. Sci. Mon., vol. 71; p. 31-43.
Knechtel, M. M., 1952 - Pimpled plains of eastern Oklahoma. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 63; p. 689-700.
Leffingwell, E. de K., 1915 - Ground-ice wedges. Jour. Geol., vol. 23; p. 635-654.
Leffingwell, E. de K., 1919 - The Canning River region, northern Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 109; p. 179-242.
Łoziński, W., 1933 - Palsenfelder und periglaziale Bodenbildung. N. Jhb. Min., Geol., Paläont., Bd. 71; p. 18-47.
Lutz, H. J. & Griswold, F. S., 1939 - The influence of tree roots on soil morphology. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 237; p. 389-400.
Martin, P. S., 1958 - Taiga-tundra and the full-glacial period in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 256; p. 470-502.
Mather, K. F. et al., 1942 - Pleistocene geology of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 53; p. 1163-1173.
Matthes, F. E., 1900 - Glacial sculpture of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. U. S. Geol. Surv., 21st. Ann. Rept., pt. 2; p. 179-185.
Newcomb, R. C., 1952 - Origin of the Mima mounds, Thurston County region, Washington. Jour. Geol., vol. 60; p. 461-472.
Nickelseon, R. P., 1956 - Geology of the Blue Ridge near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 67; p. 253.
Nichols, R. L. & Nichols, F., 1936 - Polygonboden on Mt. Desert Island, Maine. Science, vol. 83; p. 161.
Nikiforoff, C. C., 1952 - Origin of microrelief in the Lake Agassiz basin. Jour. Geol., vol. 60; p. 99-103.
Nikiforoff, C. C., 1955 - Hardpan soils of the coastal plain of southern Maryland. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 267-B; p. 45-62.
Ogden, J. G., 1959 - A late-glacial pollen sequence from Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 257; p. 366-381.
Peltier, L. C., 1945 - Block fields in Pennsylvania. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 56; p. 1190.
Peltier, L. C., 1949 - Pleistocene terraces of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. Penn. Geol. Surv., 4th ser., Bull. G-23; p. 48-74.
Peltier, L. C., 1950 - The geographic cycle in periglacial regions as it is related to climatic geomorphology. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr.; vol. 40; p. 214-236.
Péwé, T. L., 1948 - Origin of the Mima mounds Sci. Mon., vol. 66; p. 293-296.
Ray, L. L.,1940 - Glacial chronology of the southern Rocky Mountains. Bull. Geol. Soc., Amer., vol. 51; p. 1850-1918.
Richmond, G. L., 1949 - Stone nets, stone stripes and soil stripes in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. Jour. Geol., vol. 57; p. 143-153.
Richmond, G. L., 1952 - Comparison of rock glaciers and block streams in the La Sal Mountains, Utah. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 63; p. 1292.
Richmond, G. L., 1953 - Pleistocene field conference in Rocky Mountain National Park. Science, vol. 117; p. 177-178.
Richmond, G. L., 1960 - Glaciation of the east slope of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 71; p. 1371-1382.
Ritchie, A. M., 1953 - The erosional origin of the Mima mounds of southwest Washington. Jour. Geol., vol. 61; p. 41-50.
Rozanski, G., 1943 - Stone-centered polygons. Jour. Geol., vol. 51; p. 330-341.
Russell, R. J., 1933 - Alpine land forms in western United States. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 44; p. 927-950.
Schafer, J. P., 1949 - Some periglacial features in Central Montana. Jour. Geol., vol. 57; p. 154-174.
Sharp, R. P., 1942 a - Ground-ice mounds in tundra. Geogr. Rev., vol. 32; p. 417-423.
Sharp, R. P., 1942 b - Multiple Pleistocene glaciation on San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Jour. Geol., vol. 50; p. 496-500.
Sharp, R. P., 1942 c - Soil structures in the St. Elias Range, Yukon Territory. Jour. Geomorph., vol. 5; p. 274-301.
Sharp, R. P., 1942 d - Periglacial involutions in north-eastern Illinois. Jour. Geol., vol. 50; p. 113-133.
Sigafoos, R. S., 1951 - Soil instability in tundra vegetation. Ohio Jour. Sci., vol. 51; p. 281-298.
Sigafoos, R. S. & Hopkins, D. M., 1952 - Soil instability on slopes in regions of perennially-frozen ground. Nat. Res. Coun. Publ. 213, Highway Res. Bd. Spec. Rept. No. 2; p. 176-192.
Smith, H. T. U., 1936 - Periglacial landslide topography of Canjilon Divide, Rio Arriba Count, New Mexico. Jour. Geol., vol. 44; p. 836-860.
Smith, H. T. U., 1949 a - Periglacial features in the driftless area of southern Wisconsin. Jour. Geol., vol. 57; p. 196-215.
Smith, H. T. U., 1949 b - Physical effects of Pleistocene climatic changes in nonglaciated areas eolian phenomena, frost action, and stream terracing. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 60; p. 1485-1516.
Smith, H. T. U., 1950 - Cryopedologic phenomena in the Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming-Montana. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 61; p. 1503.
Smith, H. T. U., 1951 - Rock glaciers in the Norman Wells area, N. W. T., Canada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 62; p. 1480.
Smith, H. T. U., 1953 a - The Hickory Run boulder field, Carbon County, Pennsylvania. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 251; p. 625-642.
Smith, H. T. U., 1953 b - Periglacial frost wedging in the ,,rock cities" of southwestern New York. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 64; p. 1474.
Smith, H. T. U., 1955 - Use of aerial photography for interpretation of dune history in Nebraska, U.S.A. Actes du IV INQUA Congress, Rome-Pisa 1953; p. 152-158.
Smith, H. T. U. & Smith, A. P., 1945 - Periglacial rock streams in the Blue Ridge area. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 56; p. 1198.
Smith, H. T. U. & Messinter, C., 1959 - Sand dunes and shoreline history in the Provincetown area, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 70; p. 1677.
Stetson, H. C., 1938 - The sediments of the continental shelf off the eastern coast of the United States. Mass. Inst. Tech. and Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Pap. in Phys. Oceanogr. and Meteor., vol. 4, no. 4; 48 pp.
Taber, S., 1943 - Perennially frozen ground in Alaska its origin and history. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 54; p. 1433-1548.
Wahrhaftig, C., 1958 - Quaternary geology of the Nenana River valley and adjacent parts of the Alaska Range. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 293-A; 68 pp.
Wahrhaftig, C. & Cox, A., 1959 - Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 70; p. 383-436.
Wallace, R. E., 1948 - Cave-in lakes in the Nabesna, Chisana, and Tanana River Valleys, eastern Alaska. Jour. Geol., vol. 56; p. 171-181.
Washburn, A. L., 1956 - Classification of patterned ground and review of suggested origins. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 67; p. 823-866.
Wentworth, C. K., 1928 - Striated cobbles in southern states. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 39; p. 941-954.
Wentworth, C. K., 1935 - Striated rock surfaces in the St. Francois River valley. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 29; p. 364-368.
Wilson, L. R., 1958 - Polygonal structures in the soil of central Iowa. Okla. Geol. Notes (Okla. Geol. Surv.), vol. 18; p. 4-6.
Wolfe, P. E., 1953 - Periglacial frost-thaw basins in New Jersey. Jour. Geol., vol. 61; p. 133-141.
Yehle, L. A., 1954 - Soil tongues and their confusion with certain indicators of periglacial climate. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 252; p. 532-546.
Colton, R. B., 1955 - Geology of the Wolf Point quadrangle, Montana. U. S. Geol. Surv. Map GQ 67.
Eckhoff, O. B., 1962 - Hill slopes of the Piedmont of North Carolina. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 68; p. 69.
Flint, R.F. and Denny, C. S., 1958 - Quaternary geology of Boulder Mountain, Aquarius Plateau, Utah. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1061-D; p. 103-164.
Hanley, J. B., 1959 - Surficial geology of the Poland quadrangle, Maine. U. S. Geol. Surv. Map GQ 120.
Hartshorn, J. H., 1960 - Geology of the Bridgewater quadrangle, Massachusetts. U. S. Geol. Surv. Map GQ 1127.
Kaye, C. A., 1960 - Surficial geology of the Kingston quadrangle, Rhode Island. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1071-I; p. 341-396.
Philbrick, S. S., 1962 - Old landslides in the Upper Ohio Valley. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 68; p. 69-70.
Sharp, H. S., 1933 - The origin of Mountain Lake, Virginia. Jour. Geol., vol. 41; p. 636- 641.
Sharpe, C. F. S. and Dosch, E. F., 1942 - Relation of soil-creep to earthflow in the Appalachian Plateaus. Jour. of Geomorph., vol. 5; p. 312-324.
