The Great Aten Temple – Selected Interpretative Problems

Authors

  • Sławomir Jędraszek Uniwersytet Gdański, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26485/AAL/2021/67/5

Keywords:

Tell el-Amarna, religions, Achenaten

Abstract

The aim of this article is to present an interpretation of the true nature of what was built at the site of the Great Aten Temple at Amarna (Tell el-Amarna), and to show that king Akhenaten had a wider and more varied ideological and cultic vision than he is commonly credited with, in which everyone could appreciate the nature of the god Aten. His religious vision was directed towards intellectual and ideological goals, but also had an economic context. The results of latest archaeological work at the site of Great Temple of Aten (‘House of the Aten’), in the opinion of Professor Barry Kemp suggest the existence of a ‘people’s temple’, which explains much of what the excavations are uncovering.

References

Allen P. J. (1989): The Natural Philosophy of Akhenaten, W: J.P. Allen, W.K. Simpson (red.) Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (Yale Egyptological studies 3), New Haven: 89-102.

Assmann J. (1975): Aton. W: Lexikon der Ägyptologie I. 526-539, (kolumny).

Assmann, J. (1992): Akhanyati’s Theology of light and time, W: Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, VII 4, Jerusalem. Jerusalem: 143-176.

Assmann J. (2019): Maat. Sprawiedliwość i nieśmiertelność w starożytnym Egipcie. Przekład Andrzej Niwiński. Warszawa.

Baines J. (1987): Practical Religion and Piety, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 73: 79-98.

Clayton A.P. (2006): Chronicle of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt. London.

van Dijk J. (2003): The Amarna Period and Later New Kingdom. W: Shaw I. (red.), Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: 265-307.

Grimal N. (2004): Dzieje starożytnego Egiptu, przeł. A. Łukaszewicz, Warszawa.

Goldwasser O. (2010): The Aten is the “Energy of Light”: New Evidence from the Script, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 46: 159-165.

Hill M. (2018): The Petrie-Carter Statuary Fragments from the Sanctuary Zone of the Great Aten Temple – The decoration of Amarna sacred architecture W: M. Gabolde and R. Vergnieux (red.), Les édifices du règne d’Amenhotep IV – Akhénaton – Urbanisme et Révolution: colloque, Montpellier, 18-19 novembre 2011. CENiM 20: 53-85.

Hoffmeier K. J. (2015): Akhenaten, His Religion and the Origins of Monotheism, Oxford.

Hornung E. (1991): Jeden czy Wielu? Koncepcja Boga w starożytnym Egipcie, przeł. A. Niwiński, Warszawa

Christie J.J. (2016): Akhenaten’s Amarna in New Kingdom Egypt: Relations of Landscape and Ideology W: J.J. Christie, J. Bogdanović, E. Guzmán, (red.)., Political Landscapes of Capital Cities., Boulder, Colorado University Press of Colorado: 25-64.

James P. A. (1989): The Natural Philosophy of Akhenaten, W: J.P. Allen, W.K. Simpson, (red). Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (Yale Egyptological studies 3), New Haven: 89-102.

Ikram S. (1989): Domestic Shrines and the Cult of the Royal Family at el-’Amarna, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 75: 89-101.

Jędraszek S. (2020): Ekskluzywizm w religii Atona, Przegląd Religioznawczy 4, 278: 13-28.

Jędraszek S. (2017): Religia domowa w el-Amarna. W: E. Dąbrowa, T. Grabowski, M. Piegdoń. (red.,) Florilegium. Studia ofiarowane Profesorowi Aleksandrowi Krawczukowi z okazji dziewięćdziesiątej piątej rocznicy urodzin. Kraków: 23-34.

Krauss, R. (2000): Akhenaten: Monotheist? Polytheist? Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 11: 93-101.

Kemp J.B. (1994): Food for an Egyptian city. W: R. Luff, P. Rowley-Conwy, (red.), Whither Environmental Archaeology? Oxford: 133-153.

Kemp B.J. (1995): How Religious were the Ancient Egyptians? Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5, 1, 25-54.

Kemp B.J. (2009): Starożytny Egipt, Anatomia Cywilizacji, przeł. J. Aksamit, Warszawa.

Kemp B.J. (2009a) A Wall Painting of Bes Figures from Amarna, Egyptian Archaeology, 34: 18-19.

Kemp B. (2012): The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People. London:

Kemp B. (2015): The House of the Aten, Horizon 15: 1-7.

Kemp B. (2015a): Further work at the Great Aten Temple, Horizon 16: 2-3.

Kemp B. (2015b): Ancient Egypt. All that Matters, London.

Kemp B., Bertram M., Driaux D., Hodgkinson A., Jędraszek S., Kelly S. (2015). Great Aten Temple. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 101, 12- 25.

Kemp B. (2017): Discoveries at the Great Aten Temple, The Akhetaten Sun 23, no. 2: 2-18

Kemp B., Docherty, P. (2018): The solar observation and offering platform at the front of the Great Aten Temple, The Akhetaten Sun 24, no. 2, ss. 7-16.

Kemp B. (2018): Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation (3nd ed.), New York.

Kemp B. (2018a): Further results from work at the Great Aten Temple (with a contribution by Marc Gabolde). The Akhetaten Sun 24, no. 1, ss. 25-35.

Kemp, B. (2019): Versions of Akhenaten, The Akhetaten Sun 25, no. 2, ss. 7-19.

Kemp B., (2021): Amarna, autumn 2019 and the year 2020, Horizon 21: 3-7.

Kemp B., (2021a): British Mission to Tell el-Amarna Great Aten Temple, Report on Recent Work (February – March 2021), March 25th, 2021: 1-33.

Nongbri B. (2013): Before Religion. A History of a Modern Concept, New Haven, London.

Montserrat D. (2005): Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt, London.

Murnane, W.J., C.C. Van Siclen (1993): The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten. Studies in Egyptology. London, New York,

Niwiński A. (2004). Bóstwa, kulty i rytuały starożytnego Egiptu. Warszawa.

Pendlebury, J.D.S. (1951): The city of Akhenaten / Pt. 3, The central city and the official quarters: the excavations at Tell El-Amarna during the seasons 1926-1927 and 1931-1936 / by J.D.S. Pendlebury; with chapters and contributions by J. Černý ... [et al.]; analysis of materials etc. By L.A. Boodle ... [et al.]; and plans and drawings by H.B. Clark, R.S. Lavers.: London.

Petrie F. M.W. (1894): Tell el-Amarna, London.

Redford B.D. (1984): Akhenaten, the Heretic King, Princeton 1984.

Silverman D. (2006): Akhenaten and Tutankhamun: revolution and restoration, Philadelphia.

Shaw I. (1994). Balustrades, Stairs and Altars in the Cult of the Aten at el-Amarna. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 80, 109-127.

Stevens A. (2003): The Material evidence for Domestic Religion at Amarna and Preliminary Remarks on its Interpretation, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 89: 143-168.

Stevens, A. (2006): Private Religion at Amarna. The Material Evidence. Oxford

Stevens, A. (2012): Private religion in the Amarna suburbs. W: F. Seyfried (red.) In the Light of Amarna: 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery. Berlin: Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung; Petersberg: 92-97.

Stevens, A. (2015): Visibility, Private Religion, and the Urban Landscape of Amarna. W: Dalton M., Peters. G., Tavares A. (red.), Seen & unseen spaces (Archaeological reviews from Cambridge v.30.1), Cambridge, United Kingdom: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, July 2015 (for April 2015): 77-84.

Stevens A. (2015a) The Archaeology of Amarna, Archaeology, Archaeology of Africa, Egyptian Archaeology, Settlement and Urban Archaeology, Online Publication Date: Mar 2015: 1-26.

Wente E. (1990): Letters from ancient Egypt, Atlanta.

Wilkinson H. R. (2003): Egypt and Monotheism, The Akhetaten Sun 7, 1: 18-20.

Zivie-Coche Ch., Dunand F., (2004): Gods and men in Egypt: 3,000 BCE to 395 CE, Ithaca.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-28

How to Cite

Jędraszek, S. (2021). The Great Aten Temple – Selected Interpretative Problems. Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia, 67, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.26485/AAL/2021/67/5

Issue

Section

ARTICLES