From heroic expeditions to modern field programs in periglacial environments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26485/BP/1999/38/3Keywords:
periglacial environment, field programs, polar expeditions, history of geographical discoveries, North and South PolesAbstract
Some of the earliest observations upon periglacial processes and phenomena were made by the European explorers of the vast subarctic regions of North America and Eurasia. Later, expeditions in search of the North and South Poles provided the opportunities for further observation. The records of these early traders and explorers contain casual, opportunistic and largely non-scientific information. The real growth in periglacial field programs in high latitudes commenced after the Second World War. Today, modern programs usually operate within the context of sophisticated, usually government-backed, logistical organizations. In recent years, and in response to world economic conditions, oil and gas companies and other resource extraction industries provide medium-term opportunistic logistics.
References
ANDERSSON, J. G., 1906 - Solifluction; a component of subaerial denudation. Journal of Geology, 14; p. 91-112.
BAER , 1838 - The Ground lce or Frozen Soil of Siberia. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, London, Vol. VIII, London, John Murray, Albemarle Street; p. 210-213.
CAIRNS, D. D., 1912 - Differential erosion and equiplanation in portions of Yukon and Alaska. Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 23; p. 333-348.
CAPPS, S. R., 1910 - Rock glaciers in Alaska. Journal of Geology, 18; p. 359-375.
EAKIN, W. M., 1916 - The Yukon - Koyukuk region, Alaska. United States Geological Survey. Bulletin 631; p. 67-88.
GRIGORIEV, A., 1925 - Die typen des tundra-mikroreliefs von Polar-Eurasien, ihre geo graphische Verbreitung und genesis. Geographische Zeitschrift, 31; p. 3435-359.
HÖGBOM, B., 1914 - Über die geologische Bedeutung des Frostes. Uppsala Universiteit, Geological Institute Bulletin, 12; p. 257-389.
JACZEWSKI, J., 1889 - On the perennial frozen grounds in Siberia. Journal of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 25; p. 341-355.
JOHNSON, W., 1930 - Frozen ground in the glaciated parts of Northern Canada. Transactions, Royal Society of Canada, Section IV; p. 31-40.
OTTO VON KOTZEBUE, 1821 - A voyage of discovery into the South Sea and Bering's Strait for the purpose of exploring a northwest passage. London.
KROPOTKINE, P. A., 1871 - Expedition for the exploring of the northern seas of Russia. Imperial Russian Geographical Society, St. Petersburg, Russia; 91 pp.
LEFFINGWELL, E. K., 1915 - Ground ice wedges, the dominant form of ground-ice on the north coast of Alaska. Journal of Geology, 23; p. 635-654.
LEFFINGWELL, E. K., 1919 - The Canning River Region, Northern Alaska. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 109; 251 pp.
LEFROY, J. H., 1887 - Second Report of a Committee for enquiring into the Depth of Permanently Frozen Soil in the Polar Region. Proceedings, Royal Geographical Society, vol IX, New Series, London; p. 769-774.
LEFROY, J. H., 1889a - Report upon the depth of Permanently Frozen Soil in the Polar Regions, its geographical limits and relations to the present poles greatest cold. Proceedings of the Geographical Section of the British Association, London, 1889; p. 740-746.
LEFROY, J. H., 1889b - On the Depth of the Permanently Frozen Soil in British North America. Proceedings of the Geographical Section of the British Association, London, 1889; p. 761-763.
ŁOZIŃSKI, W., 1909 - Über die mechanische Verwitterung der Sandsteine im gemassibten Klima. Acad. Sci. Cracovie Bull. Intern., cl. Sci. Math. et naturelles, 1, 1-25. English translation in: D. J. A. EVANS (ed.), Cold climate landforms, J. WILEY, U. K., 1994; p. 119-134.
ŁOZIŃSKI, W., 1912 - Die periglaziale fazies der mechanischen Verwitterung. Compte rendu, 11th International geological Congress, Stockholm, 1910; p. 1039-1053.
McCONNELL, R. G., 1905 - Report on the Klondike Goldfields. Geological Survey of Canada Annual Report, volume 14, B; p. 1-7.
MEINARDUS, W., 1912 - Beobachtungen über Detritussortierung und Strukturboden auf Spitzbergen. Gesell. Erdkunde Berlin Zeitschr., 1912; p. 250-59.
MIDDENDORF, A. VON, 1862 - Sibirien Reise. Part 1. Uebersicht der Natur Nord-und Ost-Siberiens St Petersburg, Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 783 pp.
CHRISTOPHER MIDDLETON, 1743 - The effects of cold; together with observations of the longitude, latitude and declination of the magnetic needle, at Prince of Wales Fort, upon Churchill-River in Hudson's Bay, North America. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society of London, 42; p. 157-171.
MÜLLER, S, 1943 - Permafrost or permanently frozen ground and related engineering problems. Special report No 62, United States Geological Survey, Intelligence Branch Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army; 136 pp.
PATERSON, T. T., 1940 - The effects of frost action and solifluxion around Baffin Bay and in the Cambridge District. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 96; p. 99-130.
POSER, P., 1932 - Einige untersuchungen zur morphologie Ostgrönlands. Meddellelser om Grönland, 94; 55 pp.
POSER, H., 1936 - Talstudien aus Westspitzbergen und Ostgrönlands. Zeitschrift Gletch., 24; p. 43-98.
PRIESTLEY, J., 1914 - Antarctic Adventure. Scotts's Northern Party. T. Fisher Uwin, London, with a new foreward by Sir Vivien Fuchs, McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1974; 382 pp.
RICHARDSON, J., 1839 - Notice of a few Observations which it is desirable to make on the Frozen Soil of British North America; drawn up for distribution among the Officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. Journal, Royal Geographical Society, London, 9; p. 117-120.
RICHARDSON, J., 1841 - On the frozen soil of North America. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 30; p. 110-123.
ROCKIE, W. A., 1942 - Pitting on Alaska farms: a new erosion problem. Geographical review, 32; p. 128-134.
SHOSTAKOVITCH, B., 1927 - Der ewig gefrorene boden Siberiens. Zeitschrift Gesellschaft Erdkunde, Berlin; p. 394-427.
SORENSEN, T., 1934 - Bodenformen und pflanzendecke in Nordostgrönland. Meddelelser om Grönland, 93; pp. 69 (English translation in: D. J. A. EVANS (ed.), Cold Climate Landforms, JOHN WILEY and Sons, U. K., 1994; p. 135-175).
SUMGIN, M. I., 1927, 1937 - Soil permafrost within the USSR. 1st edition, Vladivostok; 2nd edition, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow - Leningrad.
SUMGIN, M. I., KACHURIN, S. P., TOLSTIKHIN, N. I., ANDTUMEL, V. F., 1940 - Obshcheye merzloto-vede-niye. Idz-vo Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad.
TABER, S., 1943 - Perennially frozen ground in Alaska; its origin and history. Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 54; p. 1433-1548.
TANFILJEF, G. I., 1911 - Location and delimitation of the boreal forest/tundra transition in the Timar-Ssamojeden region, northern polar region of Russia. Fedosenko Publishing House, Odessa, Russia, 285 pp + 34 photos.
TYRELL, J. B., 1904 - Cryostophenes or buried sheets of ice in the tundra of Northern America. Journal of Geology, 12; p. 232-236.
TYRELL, J. B., 1910 - Rock glaciers or chrystocrenes. Journal of Geology, 18; p. 549-553.
TYRELL, J. B., 1917 - Frozen muck in the Klondike District. Transactions, Royal Society of Canada, Section 4; p. 39-46.
L. WERNECKE, L., 1932 - Glaciation, depth of frost and ice veins at Keno Hill and vicinity. Engineering and Mining Journal, 133; p. 33-43.
